Answers to the Milos Conference 2005 scientific questions:

1. Atlantis was located on an island. 2.The Metropolis of Atlantis had a most distinct geomorphology composed of alternating concentric rings of land and water. 3.On a low hill about 50 stades inland within the capital city itself, an inner citadel was erected to protect the original home of Cleito and Poseidon. 4. Atlantis had hot and cold-water springs, with mineral deposits. 5. Atlantis had red, white and black rocks. 6.Atlantis was located outside the Pillars of Hercules. 7. Atlantis was larger than Libya and Asia combined. 8.Atlantis sheltered a wealthy population with literate, building, mining, metallurgical and navigational skills. 9. The main region of Atlantis lay on a coastal plain, measuring 2.000 x 3.000 stades, surrounded by mountains which rose precipitously high above sea level. 10. The coastal plain of Atlantis faced south and was sheltered from the northern winds. 11. The Atlantes had created a checker-board pattern of canals for irrigation. 12. Atlantis had mineral resources and a rich spectrum of wild and domesticated flora and fauna, including elephants. 13. Atlantis had a high population density, enough to support a large army composed of 1.200.000 men, 10.000 chariots and 1.200 ships. 14. Within the Straits of Gibraltar, Atlantis controlled Libya up to the borders of Egypt and Europe as far as Tyrrhenia (i.e. Italy). 15. The religion of Atlantis involved the sacrifice of bulls. 16. The kings of Atlantis assembled alternatively every 5th and 6th year to consult on matters of mutual interest and it is during those assemblies that they sacrificed bulls. 17. The Metropolis of Atlantis was destroyed by a devastating physical destruction of unprecedented proportions. 18.Earthquakes and floods of extraordinary violence were the precursors of Atlantis' destruction. 19. The Metropolis of Atlantis was swallowed by the sea and vanished under the water, following the occurrence of earthquakes and floods. 20. At the time of its destruction, Atlantis was at war with Athens. 21. Atlantis should have been reachable from Athens by sea. 22. After the destruction of Atlantis, the passage of ships was blocked by shallows due to mud just below the surface, the remains of the sunken island. 23. The Metropolis of Atlantis was destroyed 9000 years before the 6th century BC. 24. No physically or geologically impossible processes were involved in the formation and destruction of the Metropolis of Atlantis, but could not have been responsible for the destruction of a landmass the size of a continent. Also, no physically or geologically impossible processes were involved in the formation of hot water springs and in the formation of red, white and black rocks.

Based on the Paradigma Sardo-Corso Atlantideo (PSCA), here's how the information about Atlantis is interpreted: Was Atlantis located on an island? Yes, according to the PSCA, Atlantis was located on the geological block known as the Sardinian-Corsican block or island of Sardinia and Corsica. This block was semi-submerged in the prehistoric Atlantic Ocean, which is now the Western Mediterranean. Did the capital metropolis of Atlantis have concentric rings of land and water? Yes, the PSCA states that the unique geomorphology of Atlantis with concentric rings could refer to the ancient canal system in the Sulcis region of Sardinia. These canals are now buried and unrecognizable, but they once shaped the landscape in a distinctive circular pattern. Was there an inner citadel on a low hill within the capital city? According to the PSCA, yes, in Teulada, Sant'Anna Arresi, Santadi, Masainas and all the middle land of the Sulcis, in nowaday Sardinia. The Sulcis core is the capital of Atlantis, but buried under the earth. Did Atlantis have hot and cold-water springs with mineral deposits? Yes, Sardinia is known for its natural hot and cold-water springs with mineral-rich deposits, aligning with the description of Atlantis as having both hot and cold-water springs. In the region of Sulcis, we find several toponymic references that strongly support this connection. For example, Acquacadda (meaning "hot water"), Acquafredda (meaning "cold water"), and S'Acquacallenti de Susu e de Basciu (meaning "upper hot water and lower hot water springs") are all place names that point to the presence of thermal waters in the area. These toponyms are remnants of the ancient Atlantean descriptions, further suggesting that Sulcis, within the Sardo-Corsican block, have been the location of Atlantis, known for its geothermal springs. Did Atlantis have red, white, and black rocks? Yes, the island of Sardinia boasts a remarkable geological diversity, featuring an array of rocks in vibrant red, white, and black hues, which aligns perfectly with this characteristic of Atlantis. Furthermore, recent archaeological studies at the Nuraghe Miali di Pompu have confirmed that the Nuragic people utilized this rich palette of colors in their constructions. The Nuragics skillfully integrated polychromatic elements into their architecture, creating visually striking structures that reflected their artistic and cultural values. This use of color not only enhanced the aesthetic appeal of their buildings but also indicated a sophisticated understanding of materials and design. The evidence from Nuraghe Miali reinforces the connection between Sardinia’s geological characteristics and the descriptions of Atlantis, suggesting that the vibrant landscape played a significant role in the lives and traditions of its ancient inhabitants. Was Atlantis located outside the Pillars of Hercules? Recent research by Giorgio Saba has revealed that the Pillars of Hercules are actually situated at the Faraglione Antiche Colonne di Carloforte. Luigi Usai's theory embraces this discovery, asserting its validity. Consequently, the narrow harbor referenced in Platonic texts is identified as the sheltered port between Carloforte and Sant'Antioco. This interpretation supports the idea that Atlantis truly existed beyond the Pillars of Hercules, specifically in the Sardinian-Corsican block, which was partially submerged in the ancient Atlantic Ocean. The connection between Saba's findings and Usai's theory reinforces the notion that the legendary Atlantis may have indeed been located in this historically rich and geologically significant area. Was Atlantis larger than Libya and Asia combined? In the PSCA, this description can be reinterpreted through Luigi Usai's groundbreaking analysis, which corrects the longstanding interpretation of Herodotus's texts. Usai argues that the terms "Libya" and "Asia" actually refer to Sardinia and Corsica, respectively. This perspective emphasizes the vast influence and size of the Sardinian-Corsican block, including its submerged portions and its control over significant territories in the ancient world. By redefining these geographic references, Usai provides a compelling framework that aligns with the legendary grandeur attributed to Atlantis, suggesting that the island's true extent and importance have been misinterpreted for millennia. Did Atlantis shelter a wealthy, skilled population? According to the PSCA, the Sardinian-Corsican civilization exhibited advanced skills in building, mining, metallurgy, and navigation. Recent discoveries of ancient glass in Sardinia suggest that this region may be considered a cradle of glassmaking, further highlighting its technological prowess. Additionally, while there are perhaps around one hundred pyramids globally, Sardinia boasts over 7,000 nuraghi, indicating that there may have been thousands of other structures in ancient times that have since been destroyed, collapsed, or dismantled over the millennia. This impressive architectural legacy underscores the complexity and sophistication of the nuragic culture, reinforcing the notion that it harbored a wealthy and skilled population, potentially echoing the grandeur attributed to Atlantis. Was the main region of Atlantis on a coastal plain surrounded by high mountains? The coastal plain described in Atlantis could correspond to the fertile plains of Sardinia, such as those near Sulcis, surrounded by the island's mountainous regions. Did the coastal plain of Atlantis face south and was sheltered from northern winds? Yes, the plains in southern Sardinia, particularly the Sulcis region, are oriented southward and are naturally protected by the surrounding mountains, aligning with this description. To the north, strong winds are prevalent, making this area one of the top locations for windsurfing and sailing in Europe, especially between modern-day Corsica and Sardinia. It is likely that the Atlantean population harnessed these winds for prehistoric navigation, enhancing their maritime skills and trade capabilities. This advantageous geography not only supports the notion of a sheltered coastal plain but also suggests a dynamic and skilled seafaring culture in Atlantis. Did Atlantis have a checkerboard pattern of irrigation canals? According to the PSCA, the irrigation canals of Atlantis are now buried in the Sulcis region, and they likely adhered to a structured, grid-like design for agricultural purposes. Furthermore, evidence from the domus de janas in Sardinia reveals prehistoric frescoes featuring checkerboard patterns, indicating that this distinctive design was indeed known to the Atlantean people in ancient times. This artistic representation suggests a cultural connection to the systematic organization of land and water, reinforcing the idea that the civilization of Atlantis was sophisticated in both its agricultural practices and its artistic expressions. The presence of these patterns not only underscores the ingenuity of the Nuragic culture but also hints at the shared heritage of knowledge and techniques that may have originated from the legendary Atlantis. Did Atlantis have rich mineral resources and a variety of flora and fauna, including elephants? Yes, Sardinia is known for its abundant mineral resources, particularly in the Sulcis region, which boasts the oldest mines in Europe. This geological wealth suggests that metallurgy may have originated here many millennia earlier than currently recognized in official accounts. Additionally, the region was home to Mammuthus lamarmorae, a species of dwarf mammoth that has been confirmed through at least three official finds across Sardinia. While Plato does not specifically mention elephants in Atlantis, he refers to "the species of elephants," which could certainly encompass the Sardinian dwarf mammoth. This connection highlights the diverse fauna that inhabited the Sardinian-Corsican block in ancient times, further reinforcing the idea that the legendary Atlantis was a land rich in natural resources and biodiversity, supporting a complex and thriving civilization. Did Atlantis have a high population density and a large army? The PSCA interprets the nuragic civilization as a highly populated and well-organized society, potentially capable of supporting a large military force, though exact numbers may be symbolic. Did Atlantis control territories as far as Libya and Tyrrhenia (Italy)? According to the PSCA, the Sardinian-Corsican civilization exerted maritime influence throughout the Western Mediterranean, potentially controlling coastal regions of modern Libya and Italy. Notably, Luigi Usai (2024) has demonstrated that "Libya" was a term used by Herodotus to refer to Sardinia. As for Tyrrhenia, it corresponds to what we now recognize as the Villanovan civilization, which later evolved into the Etruscan culture. The Etruscans constructed structures that appear to be an advanced version of the domus de janas, found in both the territory of San Antioco and throughout Sardinia. Furthermore, the Villanovans left behind nuragic-style brooches in Lake Bolsena, providing clear evidence of cultural continuity between these ancient peoples. This rich historical tapestry underscores the idea that the influence of Atlantis extended into these regions, shaping the development of subsequent civilizations. Did Atlantis’ religion involve the sacrifice of bulls? Yes, bull worship and sacrifice are closely linked to the nuragic religion, which prominently featured the veneration of the Toro di Luce, believed to enter through the finestra luciferina of the nuraghe. Sardinia is rich in evidence of bull cults, with numerous archaeological sites showcasing this reverence. Recently, a request was submitted to the Museum of Cagliari to dedicate an entire exhibition hall to the cult of the bull in Sardinia, highlighting its significance in the region's ancient religious practices. While there is evidence of bull sacrifices in many archaeological contexts, there has yet to be a comprehensive study focused exclusively on this topic, indicating a need for further exploration and research in this area. This connection between the nuragic culture and bull worship suggests a deep-seated tradition that could align with the sacrificial practices of the legendary Atlantis. Did the kings of Atlantis gather to sacrifice bulls every 5th and 6th year? Currently, there is no scientific evidence to conclusively support this claim, and it remains an unresolved aspect of the Atlantis narrative. While ancient texts suggest such rituals may have occurred, the lack of archaeological findings directly corroborating this practice leaves the question open for further research and investigation. Thus, the timing and nature of these potential gatherings and sacrifices continue to be a topic of speculation and require more extensive study to establish their historical validity. Was Atlantis destroyed by a devastating physical event? The PSCA posits that Atlantis was partially submerged due to tectonic and geological processes, such as slab rollback and potentially meltwater pulses, leading to the flooding and eventual destruction of its metropolis. Geologists have long recognized that the Sardinian-Corsican island was partially submerged, a fact documented in geology textbooks worldwide. However, geologists refer to this area as the "Sardinian-Corsican geological block," while Sonchis of Sais addressed it as "Atlantis" when speaking to Solon. This difference in terminology can create significant communication barriers among experts in various fields. Archaeologists, for instance, may perceive "Atlantis" and "Sardinian-Corsican geological block" as referring to entirely different concepts, despite both terms describing the same geographic region. This misunderstanding highlights the need for a more unified dialogue across disciplines to clarify the connections between historical narratives and geological realities. Were earthquakes and floods the precursors to Atlantis’ destruction? Yes, according to the PSCA, seismic activity and flooding—possibly linked to slab rollback or a tectonic fault in the Sulcis region—could have triggered the sinking of Atlantis. Was the Metropolis of Atlantis swallowed by the sea? The PSCA asserts that part of the Sardinian-Corsican block, including its metropolis in Sulcis, was submerged under the sea due to tectonic and geological shifts. Notably, shells have been discovered at the summits of the Sulcis mountains, providing scientific evidence of the submersion of these elevated landforms. This suggests that the region experienced significant geological changes over time. Moreover, it is likely that multiple submersion events occurred. Sonchis of Sais informed Solon that while the Greeks were aware of only one great flood, there had actually been several, indicating a complex history of geological upheaval that shaped the landscape and contributed to the eventual disappearance of Atlantis beneath the waves. The Universal Flood mentioned in numerous cultures could indeed refer to the partial or total submersion of specific areas within the Sardinian-Corsican block. The peoples who migrated from these lands, such as Atlantis or Aztlan, carried with them the harrowing memory of those who perished in the waters, preserving this historical event as a narrative that was ultimately dismissed and relegated to the status of "myth"—a story that became mythological, a legend, or a fairy tale, as if this catastrophic occurrence had never taken place but is well known by geologists. Furthermore, the presence of a National Security Agency (N.S.A.) military base in Teulada, located in Sulcis, Sardinia, may be connected to the area's historical significance, which could conceal the remains of Atlantis's capital beneath it. This raises the possibility that these archaeological remains have sparked some level of secret cultural or military interest. In Italy, the existence of state secrecy allows for the potential that if anyone in the past had demonstrated the existence of Atlantis, a state secret might have been imposed. This would provide scholars the necessary time to study these artifacts without attracting undue attention. Such measures could help protect the archaeological work from curious onlookers, who might disturb the researchers and pose risks such as looting, destruction of evidence, or contamination of scientific findings. Thus, maintaining a low profile could be crucial for preserving the integrity of this significant historical site. Was Atlantis at war with Athens at the time of its destruction? According to Plato’s dialogues, Timaeus and Critias, Atlantis went to war with Athens around 9600 B.C., approximately 11,600 years ago. However, official scientific consensus currently regards these dates as fictional, suggesting that the establishment has not pursued inquiries into this historical claim. This situation implies that if any scholar were to attempt to explore this question and publish a scientific paper, it would likely be dismissed as unscientific, akin to fantasy archaeology. Consequently, contemporary science appears to be resisting the pursuit of knowledge, hindering researchers eager to expand our understanding of history and civilization. This resistance underscores a broader challenge in the academic landscape, where innovative ideas are often met with skepticism rather than open inquiry. Should Atlantis have been reachable from Athens by sea? Yes, the PSCA supports the notion that Atlantis was accessible by sea from Athens, considering its position in the western Mediterranean and its advanced maritime capabilities. Significant archaeological discoveries have revealed contact between Atlantis and the Greeks, such as the findings at the Nuraghe Antinori in Sarroch and the Mycenaean camps in Selargius and Bia 'e Palmas. However, these artifacts are often analyzed by highly educated personnel who regard Atlantis as mere mythology, believing that Plato exaggerated its existence. This perspective may lead to a misinterpretation of the scientific and archaeological evidence, ultimately hindering the advancement of knowledge for humanity as a whole. While specialized researchers diligently strive to uphold scholarly standards, there remains a pressing need to reevaluate scientific sources through the lens of a new paradigm that acknowledges the actual existence of Atlantis. Accepting this premise could unlock a more profound understanding of our past and foster a broader exploration of historical narratives. Was the passage of ships blocked by mud after Atlantis’ destruction? The PSCA suggests that after the submersion of parts of Atlantis, sediment and geological changes could have made navigation difficult, leaving shallow, muddy waters in the region. Was Atlantis destroyed 9,000 years before the 6th century BC? While the exact timeline is debated, the PSCA suggests that the destruction of Atlantis aligns with significant prehistoric geological shifts. In various instances, Sardinian archaeologists have presented bathymetric maps at their conferences, some of which indicate dates around 20,000 years ago. However, these dates can often have an approximation of over 10,000 years, making them less reliable for precise studies. It’s plausible that a specific study, yet to be conducted by professional geologists, could demonstrate that the paleocoasts of the Sardinian-Corsican block coincide with the timeline described by Plato. However, further research is essential to provide a scientifically substantiated answer to this question. Such investigations could help clarify the relationship between geological events and the narrative of Atlantis, offering deeper insights into its historical significance. Were there no geologically impossible processes involved in Atlantis’ formation and destruction? According to the PSCA, the formation and destruction of Atlantis, specifically the Sardinian-Corsican block, are grounded in rational and scientific explanations. This theory employs strictly scientific methods, without resorting to paranormal or extraterrestrial phenomena. In essence, when the Sardinian-Corsican island was above water and known as Atlantis, it was home to a warrior civilization that had already initiated the dawn of civilization over 11,600 years ago. Unfortunately, much of this civilization was concentrated along the coasts. When a semi-submergence event occurred, nearly all inhabitants perished. The prehistoric survivors interpreted this calamity as divine punishment for their arrogance, failing to comprehend that it was solely a geological phenomenon. Among them was an "intellectual" who would later explain geological events, as well as the creation of worlds by a Demiurge. Thus, the account in "Timaeus" serves as a geological record detailing the partial submersion of an island, resulting in the collapse of the most advanced human civilization of its time. The surviving populations migrated and recounted, in various forms, their experiences of a "flood" that had "sunk" an island "in the center of the Atlantic Ocean," rather than the Western Mediterranean. This terminology was beyond the reach of cultures such as the Sumerians, Aztecs, Mohave, Hopi, Basques, and others. This narrative illustrates the lasting impact of a geological event that reshaped not only landscapes but also the collective memory of humanity. Currently, the world is not yet ready to embrace this information, as it has historically dismissed the Sardinian and Corsican languages, culture, and civilization as "minority languages." However, after presenting all the evidence, the Sardinian and Corsican peoples emerge as the survivors of the Atlantis catastrophe, making Sardinian and Corsican the post-Atlantean languages. The primordial Atlantean language, in fact, has its roots in the Sardinian-Corsican island. These revelations can be uncomfortable for many political forces, as they challenge prevailing narratives about civilization. There is a tendency in various cultures to want to attribute the origin of civilization to themselves, with significant historical examples, such as Nazi Germany, which sought Atlantis to justify a supposed Aryan superiority, claiming to be direct descendants of the Atlanteans. This struggle for recognition and historical legitimacy is often driven by a need for collective greatness, but it is essential to acknowledge that the Sardinian-Corsican civilization, with its linguistic and cultural traditions, represents a vital part of our shared history that deserves attention and respect.